Chiller Heater | HVAC | Refrigeration | Trigeneration

Chiller Heater
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Chiller Heater

Absorption Chillers * Ammonia Chillers * CHP Systems * Net Zero Energy * Trigeneration

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Chiller Heaters are typically either absorption chillers or aDsorption chillers that function both in heating mode, cooling/air-conditioning mode, or combined heating and cooling mode. Chiller Heaters use heat instead of mechanical energy to provide cooling. A thermal compressor consists of an absorber, a generator, a pump, and a throttling device, and replaces the mechanical vapor compressor.

In the chiller, refrigerant vapor from the evaporator is "absorbed" by a solution mixture in the absorber section of the Chiller Heater. This solution is then pumped to the generator. There the refrigerant re-vaporizes using a waste steam heat source. The refrigerant-depleted solution then returns to the absorber via a throttling device. The two most common refrigerant/ absorbent mixtures used in absorption chillers are water/lithium bromide and ammonia/water.

Compared with mechanical chillers, Chiller Heaters have a low coefficient of performance (COP = chiller load/heat input). However, Chiller Heaters can substantially reduce operating costs because they normally use free/low-cost low-grade waste heat as the fuel source. Vapor compression chillers, by contrast, must be motor- or engine-driven, requiring a significant amount of electricity.

Low-pressure, steam-driven Chiller Heaters are available in capacities ranging from 10 tons to over 1,000 tons. Chiller Heaters come in two commercially available designs: single-effect and double-effect. Single-effect machines provide a thermal COP of 0.7 and require about 18 pounds of 15-pound-per-square-inch-gauge (psig) steam per ton-hour of cooling.

Double-effect machines are about 40% more efficient, but require a higher grade of thermal input, using about 10 pounds of 100- to 150-psig steam per ton-hour.

A single-effect Chiller Heater means all of the available condensing heat cools and condenses inside the condenser. From there it is released to the cooling water. A double-effect machine adopts a higher heat efficiency of condensation and divides the generator into a high-temperature and a low-temperature generator.

Absorption chillers use heat instead of mechanical energy to provide cooling. A thermal compressor consists of an absorber, a generator, a pump, and a throttling device, and replaces the mechanical vapor compressor.

In the chiller, refrigerant vapor from the evaporator is absorbed by a solution mixture in the absorber. This solution is then pumped to the generator. There the refrigerant re-vaporizes using a waste steam heat source. The refrigerant-depleted solution then returns to the absorber via a throttling device. The two most common refrigerant/ absorbent mixtures used in absorption chillers are water/lithium bromide and ammonia/water.

Compared with mechanical chillers, absorption chillers have a low coefficient of performance (COP = chiller load/heat input). However, absorption chillers can substantially reduce operating costs because they are powered by low-grade waste heat. Vapor compression chillers, by contrast, must be motor- or engine-driven.

Low-pressure, steam-driven absorption chillers are available in capacities ranging from 100 to 1,500 tons. Absorption chillers come in two commercially available designs: single-effect and double-effect. Single-effect machines provide a thermal COP of 0.7 and require about 18 pounds of 15-pound-per-square-inch-gauge (psig) steam per ton-hour of cooling.

Double-effect machines are about 40% more efficient, but require a higher grade of thermal input, using about 10 pounds of 100- to 150-psig steam per ton-hour.

A single-effect absorption machine means all condensing heat cools and condenses in the condenser. From there it is released to the cooling water. A double-effect machine adopts a higher heat efficiency of condensation and divides the generator into a high-temperature and a low-temperature generator.

An ammonia chiller, while more expensive - by almost twice that of R-134a freon-based chillers, may be the best choice for commercial customers when making an investment over the long haul. Ammonia chillers ammonia-based refrigerant, is superior to freons, including R-134a, as ammonia does not deplete the ozone or contribute to global warming as R-134a does.

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